Monetary policy can significantly affect real economic activity, at least in the short run, but the size and the duration of short run effects are intensely debated. Using a STRUCTURAL VAR (SVAR) approach, the purpose of this paper is to investigate monetary transmission mechanism in Iran during 1989:2–2007:3.The results indicate that in the long run, there was not any monetary transmission throughout channels in both models, but in SVAR credit channel had an effective role. Also we found that credit channel is the most effective channel in monetary transmission mechanism in Iran. These findings suggested we must monitor credit channel to be able to control monetary policy properly.

this study employs a STRUCTURAL vector autoregression (SVAR) model to investigate the macroeconomic shocks on Malaysian tourism industry, especially how the economy dynamically responds to oil price shocks, exchange rates, changes in price level, exports, economic growth and tourism income during the study time period from January 2001 to December 2012. The results indicate that oil price shocks, economic growth, exchange rate, and exports have a contemporaneous inverse impact on tourism revenues except for consumer price index which has a positive impact. This study added instant information to manage tourism industry in Malaysia. The findings of the study are useful to implement a number of corrective measures for the promotion of tourism in a country.

This paper studied the short-run restrictions by a simple aggregate demand-aggregate supply model to identify STRUCTURAL shocks. Combined with the Blanchard-Quah restriction, it allowed estimation of the slope of the aggregate supply curve, the VARiances of STRUCTURAL demand and supply shocks and the extent to which STRUCTURAL demand and supply shocks are correlated, are estimated. Quarterly data for the period 1368:1-1385:3 were utilized in this study. This paper found that the demand and supply shocks were weakly correlated. On the other hand, the point estimate of the output-inflation tradeoff parameter, which is the slope of the short-run aggregate supply curve in the AS - AD model, implies that the immediate effect on output of a STRUCTURAL supply shock is larger than that of an equal-sized STRUCTURAL demand shock. The VARiance decompositions also indicated that with causality from demand to supply, 25% of the short-run VARiation in output and nearly 9% of the long-run VARiation in output was the result of the STRUCTURAL supply shock.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

In order to survive in the complex environment, budget programming or forecasting models have been criticized as inadequate for today’s business environment. Organizations have to use strategic planning to evaluate internal and external situation, then formulate proper strategies and implement them. The key to execute strategy is to have people in the organization understand it. Strategy map has a significant role in the strategic management due to describing strategies of organization and to help people understand strategies. Strategy map is essentially a graphical depiction of the causal model of an organization’s strategy then developing the causal model of the strategy is also important. This paper presents innovative approach to determine causal relationship and levels of strategic objectives in strategy map. For this purpose an interpretive STRUCTURAL modeling (ISM) based approach has been employed to strategy map. This paper also utilizes the Interpretive STRUCTURAL Modeling (ISM) methodology to understand the interrelationships among the objectives so that those driving objectives, which can affect others and those dependent objectives, which are most influenced by driving objectives are identified. It emphasizes that interrelationship among objectives isn’t only down to up, it is on both side. An actual example of a small case pipe and fittings manufacturing company provides some managerial insights into the methodology.

Considering the importance of the Banking system in Iran economy and taking into account the strategic objectives of bank’ s activities to improve their performance indicators, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of internal and external factors affecting the three profitability components; including the return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and the net income margin (NIM) indicators of 13 private banks' in Iran for the period 2006 to 2016; using STRUCTURAL autoregressive vector panel model. For this purpose, the macro level factors responsible for profitability of banks are divided into internal components; including the quality of management, asset quality, capital adequacy and liquidity and external components such as inflation rate, interest rates, the growth of GDP, and the development of the stock market. The results indicate that the percentage of coverage of liquidity and the ratio of Non-performing loans to total loan as internal bank VARiables have a negative effects and the growth of GDP as the external VARiable has positive effect on the profitability components.

This article studies the dynamic effects of oil price, supply and demand shocks on Iran’s GDP and inflation. It uses an AD-AS model to identify a STRUCTURAL VAR for Iran. Unlike the standard Blanchard-Quah decomposition, the method proposed in this paper does not assume the correlation between demand and supply shocks to be zero. The study is based on quarterly data for the period 1367:1 to1386:4. This paper finds the oil income shocks explain 0/5-1/5 per cent of the VARiation in output. If demand shocks have an effect on the aggregate supply curve, in the short term, aggregate demand shocks can account for approximately 36 per cent of the forecast-error VARiance in output .On the other hand, in the long run, aggregate demand shocks account for approximately 72/9 per cent of changes in inflation. The VARiance decompositions also indicated that aggregate supply shocks are the most important sources of output fluctuations in Iran.

Quercus brantii VAR. persica (oak manna tree) is a valuable tree species in forests of western Iran. This species has been adapted to rough conditions of its habitat such as extreme summer and winter, long drought period and high elevation. For determining physiological patterns and alteration related to the establishment of oak in this environment, the changes of total non- STRUCTURAL carbohydrates and amylase activity in oak trees were studied in a less manipulated habitat during an annual cycle. The amount of total non- STRUCTURAL carbohydrates and amylase activity were measured by enzymatic and electrophoresis (PAGE) methods. Results indicated that non- STRUCTURAL carbohydrates concentration (glucose, fructose and sucrose) in March (before bud burst) was more than January ones. After bud burst and leaf expansion, when photosynthetic activity was high and after the beginning of drought period the concentrations of glucose and fructose increased continuously to September. Contrariwise the amount of sucrose and starch decreased slowly during this period. After summer and with falling temperatures, the total non-STRUCTURAL carbohydrates increased in November. In January, the content of starch was very low but the level of soluble carbohydrates was high. Thus the energy supply for metabolic processes in trees is secured during cold and hard winter seasons. Total non-STRUCTURAL carbohydrates ranged from 18.5 to 37.25 mg gdm -1. Seasonal changes of a-amylases coincided considerably with changes of starch and glucose concentrations of oak manna trees during the investigation period.